State Historical Society of North Dakota staff began working on content for the new Military Gallery in summer 2024. I wanted to share a few things that I learned as I dig into this ongoing project. Some of these things made me wonder, “How did I not know this already?” But if I didn’t know them, perhaps others would find them as fascinating as I do.

1) The Rough Rider State?

Many North Dakotans volunteered to serve in the 1898 Spanish-American War. But according to Theodore Roosevelt’s book, “The Rough Riders,” only three North Dakotans served with him in the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry (better known as the Rough Riders): Jesse Langdon of Fargo, William T. de Zychlinski of Bismarck, and Frank Kania of Jamestown.

The majority of the Roosevelt’s troops were men from Southwestern states and territories like Texas, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), and New Mexico. Most North Dakota men served with either the 1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry (today’s North Dakota National Guard) or the 3rd U.S. Volunteer Cavalry (nicknamed Grigsby’s Cowboys). While the 1st ND Volunteers sailed to the Philippine campaign and the Rough Riders charged up San Juan Hill, Grigsby’s Cowboys never made it out of the continental United States. The regiment stalled at Camp Thomas in Chickamauga, Georgia, suffering from typhoid and dysentery and never seeing combat.

Uniform of Leslie Simpson, 3rd U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment (Grigsby’s Cowboys). Simpson, of Dickinson, was serving as state’s attorney for Stark County when he enlisted. SHSND 6463.1-.2

2) The Mock Battle of Manila, Aug. 13, 1898

“The battle of Manila is a matter of history,” wrote Maj. Frank White to his family about his participation in the battle. “It was rather disappointing as they only sent four vessels in and they did but little firing. I expected to see the whole fleet go at them.”

White, from Valley City, along with the rest of the 1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry arrived in Manila, Philippines, 13 days earlier and participated in the battle marking the end of the Spanish-American War. Unknown to White, and nearly all the American soldiers, the battle was carefully staged between U.S. and Spanish commanders. Spanish troops were under siege in Manila with Filipino forces surrounding the city and the U.S. Navy blockading Manila Bay. Rather than surrender to Filipinos, who had been under Spanish rule for some 300 years, Spain wanted to save face and entered secret negotiations with the U.S. commanders. On the morning of Aug. 13, 1898, the staged bombardment of Manila commenced and lasted a matter of a few hours with minor casualties. That December, Spain would cede the Philippines to the U.S, directly leading to the Philippine-American War the following year. The 1st North Dakota Volunteers returned to the U.S. in August 1899, and White went on to serve as governor of North Dakota. The Philippine-American War finally concluded in 1902, but the Philippines remained a U.S. territory until 1946.

Artillery shell fragment collected by Capt. William P. Moffet at the Battle of Manila. The inscription reads: “Part of an Exploded Shell. Presented by Capt. W.P.M. Fired by [the USS] Monterey at City of Manila, Aug. 13, 1898.” SHSND 2886

3) Dec. 7 … and Dec. 8, 1941

Radioman 3rd Class Don Sjoblom of Bismarck stood on the gangway of the USS Dobbin when the air raid on Pearl Harbor started. At the time, Hawaii was still a U.S. territory. Ten hours later, but across the international date line, another North Dakotan, Staff Sgt. Walter F. Wheeling of Plaza, stationed at Nichols Field near Manila, learned about the bombing of the U.S. air base at Clark Field, 65 miles north of the capital city. Most Americans will never forget Pearl Harbor, but perhaps many do not realize multiple other U.S. territories in the Pacific Ocean besides Hawaii suffered the same fate. Japan targeted Guam, Midway Island, Wake Island, and the Philippines in the same 12-hour period.

What I never knew is the number of lives lost in the Philippines during World War II. Wheeling survived the Bataan Death March following Japan’s invasion of the Philippines, but thousands of soldiers—American and Filipino—perished. Throughout the course of the war, it is estimated between 500,000 and one million civilians lost their lives in the Philippines. While civilians born in Hawaii were considered U.S. citizens, Filipino civilians were not. An explanation of this is a dive into American imperialism we don’t have time for here, but the loss of life in an American territory during World War II is staggering.

A page from Staff Sgt. Walter F. Wheeling’s World War II reminiscences. Read more at FiNDhistory. SHSND SA 10873-01382

There is always something more to learn about history. I am grateful to the North Dakotans who have entrusted us with the stories of their service. Knowing about these events is one thing, but learning about them through the letters, reminiscences, and physical mementos of North Dakotans creates a deeper connection to our shared past.

Many North Dakotans will soon be ringing in the New Year with a toast. Here are some conversation starters from the state collections for your New Year’s parties.

1. Turtle Mountain Brewery Barrel Branding Iron

Local breweries were a thriving business in northern Dakota Territory. The Turtle Mountain Brewery served the Rolette County area from around 1886 until 1889 when North Dakota joined the union as a dry state. Carl Stofft, a German immigrant, founded the Dunseith-based business. Stofft worked with Francis Higgins, a cooper who constructed the vats and barrels likely marked with this brand.

The “TURTLE MT. BR.Y” brand. SHSND 2018.95.1

2. Prohibition Beer

When the 18th Amendment took effect in 1920, not much changed for North Dakotans. Many had been ignoring the dry state’s prohibition laws since 1889. On Oct. 8, 1930, undercover Prohibition agent Leo St. Martin bought this bottle of homemade beer for 45 cents from Lance Zimmer at a Bismarck residence. The bottle was labeled as evidence in the liquor trafficking case against Zimmer. Zimmer pled guilty to the charge.

Beer bottle with evidence label from the U.S. Prohibition Service. SHSND 14227

3. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union Ruler

Here’s one for the teetotalers. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) promoted social reform by encouraging abstinence from alcohol. Members were loud proponents of both Prohibition and woman suffrage. Viola Leissman, a member of Bismarck’s WCTU chapter, collected this ruler.

WCTU ruler (front and back). The initials “EL” on the back are from Viola’s son, Emerson. SHSND 2011.30.19

4. Dakota Beer Six-Pack

In 1932, North Dakotans voted to repeal the state’s ban on alcohol with federal Prohibition ending the following year. Around this same time, the state also legalized the manufacture, sale, and distribution of beer. But it took decades for the brewing industry in North Dakota to revive. Dakota Malting and Brewing Company was North Dakota’s first post-Prohibition brewery. The Bismarck-based company produced its first batch of Dakota Beer in 1961 but closed its doors a few years later in 1965.

“Dakota Beer: Brewed in the heart of barley country.” SHSND 1978.41.1

5. Bismarck Distillery Canned Cocktail

While beer regained its legal status in the state in 1933, liquor had to wait three more years. Nowadays, craft breweries and distilleries are successful businesses. A North Dakotan bought this Bismarck Distillery apple pie-flavored vodka cocktail while visiting Send It! 24/7 Cornhole in Mandan.

A ready-to-drink cocktail from Bismarck Distillery. SHSND 2024.1.1

I hope your New Year’s is made brighter by these fun facts from the past. Cheers!

On Jan. 7, the punch bowl from the USS North Dakota silver service took its biannual journey to the state Capitol for the reception marking the opening of the 2025-27 legislative session. The punch bowl is part of a 40-piece serving set that citizens of North Dakota gifted to the state’s namesake battleship in 1915. Every two years, reception attendees can enjoy punch from the silver bowl that the Grand Forks Herald once noted was “as large as a small sized bathtub.”

Punch bowl at the opening of the 2025-27 North Dakota legislative session. SHSND 2893.1

Here are some interesting things I learned about the USS North Dakota and its silver service while preparing the punch bowl for the big day.

1. There almost wasn’t a USS North Dakota.

When the U.S. Navy announced contracts for two new battleships in 1907, the names under consideration were the Delaware and either the Utah or the North Dakota. That fall the Navy Department announced that the second ship would not be named after a western state. Instead, it would be named the New York. Political action by Sen. Henry Hansbrough of North Dakota and intervention by President Theodore Roosevelt changed the Navy’s decision, and the new battleships became the USS North Dakota and the USS Delaware.

The Fargo Forum and Daily Republican, Oct. 3, 1907, p. 1

2. Special punch cups were made, but the state collection only has one.

After the battleship’s name was secured, planning started in North Dakota to prepare a silver service for the vessel. Gov. John Burke appointed a nine-person committee to spearhead the long-standing tradition of sponsor states gifting presentation silver to American ships. The Silver Service Committee consisted of three former North Dakota governors, a U.S. senator, state legislators, and businessmen. The committee solicited $16,000 in private donations for the silver set. In addition to the 24 punch cups presented as part of the 40-piece set, nine extra cups were made for the committee members. Each was engraved with the member’s name. The original 24 cups are safe in the museum collection. But we only hold one of the nine specially engraved cups. The family of Roger Allin, a Silver Service Committee member, donated his punch cup in 1991. Maybe someone out there can help us find the others!

This punch cup is engraved with the name of the “Hon. Roger Allin.” Allin was governor of North Dakota from 1895-1897 and a member of the Silver Service Committee. SHSND 1995.35.1

3. Bison appear on (almost) every piece of the silver service.

The Silver Service Committee selected designs created by Fargoans Hans Klimmek and Lilla Lorshbough for the silver service. The Gorham Manufacturing Company of Rhode Island produced the silver service using Klimmek and Lorshbough’s sketches and input from the company’s artist, William Codman. Symbols such as anchors, seashells, and stylized dolphins represent the Navy, while North Dakota is honored through prairie roses, corn, wheat, and bison motifs. The bison heads are prominent on the sides of the punch bowl but look at the table’s feet or the handle on the coffee urn!

Bison-shaped feet support the serving table. SHSND 2893.3

Bison head on the handle of the coffee urn. SHSND 2893.7.1

4. The State Archives holds cool photos and records from the USS North Dakota.

To delve deeper into the life of a service member on the battleship, check out this collection on our Photobook website. You can also visit the State Archives and learn more about other North Dakota naval namesakes.

View pieces of the USS North Dakota silver service on exhibit at the North Dakota Heritage Center & State Museum.

The silver service on exhibit at the ND Heritage Center & State Museum in Bismarck. SHSND 2893

February is the month of love. Do you know what I love? Dogs! Here are some artifacts in our museum collections that make me say, “What a good boi!”

1. Doorstops

Shaped like Boston terriers, this set of cast-iron doorstops held open doors in the Devils Lake area around the 1930s. The Hubley Manufacturing Company is well-known for cast-iron toys, but they also created doorstops, bookends, and door knockers. These helpful pups were originally sold with a leather collar and a leash.

Sturdy silent types. SHSND 16695.1-2

2. Nutcracker

Everyone knows dogs love treats. Gustav and Bertha Helm used this cast-iron canine cruncher in their home three miles south of Mandan. Although its age is not known, the nutcracker was likely produced in the 1910s or 1920s.

Ready to crack your toughest nuts. (Shown with a photoshopped nut for full effect.) SHSND 2007.80.95

3. Dachshund Woodcarving

Ben Ehreth of Mandan carved this little pal in March 2001. Ben first started carving in 1973. He was largely self-taught in the craft and gave away his creations as gifts. Ben’s son and daughter-in-law Mike and Linda Ehreth received their dachshund friend along with many other Ben Ehreth originals.

So cute you can almost see his tail wag. SHSND 2018.6.2

4. Stuffed Animals

These two chunky puppies kept Hazel McCulloch company while growing up near Washburn in the early 1900s. The homemade hounds are stuffed with straw around a wire frame. Hazel became one of the first 12 faculty members at the Minot Normal School (now Minot State University). She served on the staff from 1913 to 1959 as a training school supervisor and history professor. Students can now stay in a residence hall named in her honor.

Loved so much, their eyes fell out. SHSND 15574.1-2

5. Salt and Pepper Shakers

The Wahpeton-based pottery company Rosemeade was well known for its eclectic salt and pepper shaker sets. You can get the spice of life from any number of flora and fauna: flickertail gophers, a prairie rose, pheasants, cacti, and 13 different breeds of dogs! Made sometime between 1953 and 1961, these disembodied cocker spaniel shakers are ready to add excitement to your meal. But they don’t seem happy about it.

They're making that face to let you know they also want to be eating your food. SHSND 2017.55.16

Santa’s beard may be the most festive during the holiday season. But here are five other beards belonging to famous figures found in our museum collection that might just rival the big man’s.

1. The Swedish Tomte

SHSND 2017.78.10

The fabulous beard and red body might make you think it’s Santa Claus, but this Christmas ornament is a Swedish tomte. Like the Norwegian nisse or Finnish tonttu, the tomte is a Scandinavian spirit that resembles a gnome and cares for homes and farmsteads. According to some legends, leaving a bowl of Christmas porridge for your tomte will keep him happy and prevent mischief around the house. Christmas ornaments with a Nordic theme were used to decorate the tree in the North Dakota governor’s residence from 1985-90. The Three Crowns Swedish American Association provided the bearded tomte along with many other traditional Swedish holiday decorations.

2. William George Fargo

SHSND 1983.447.1

The beard of the city of Fargo’s namesake is looking stellar in this 1870s portrait by Lars Gustav Sellstedt. William Fargo and Henry Wells founded the famous Wells Fargo & Co. in 1852 as an express delivery service and later expanded into banking. Fargo also served as director of the Northern Pacific Railway, which established the city of Fargo in 1872.

3. Czar Nicholas II

SHSND 2017.84.6

Russian Czar Nicholas II’s beard may not be his most well-known feature, but it figures prominently in this wooden nesting doll. Standing 2.5 inches tall, this not-a-saint-Nicholas is sixth in a set of nine nesting dolls purchased by Kurt Peterson at a flea market in Izmailovo Park in Moscow, Russia, in 1990. Peterson, who hails from Mandan, served in the U.S. Army from 1980-96. He was attached to the U.S. State Department in the 1990s as a diplomatic courier, ferrying documents overland between Helsinki, Finland, and Moscow, Russia.

4. Grizzly Adams

SHSND 2013.102.26

If people call you “Grizzly,” you better have a great beard. The Eklund family of Reynolds must have been big fans of the 1977-78 TV show “The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams.” They kept this doll in pristine condition with its original box and all of Grizzly’s accessories. Just speculation, but they probably didn’t want to mess up the beard.

5. Kenny Rogers

SHSND 1995.21.74

This eight track does something to me that I can’t explain. “The Greatest” is probably how donor Glenn Dill of LaMoure would have described Kenny Rogers’ beard on the front of this 1976 eight-track tape. While Glenn was listening to Kenny croon about “Lucille” on a barstool in Toledo, the solo music career of “The Gambler” was taking off in a big way. Just seven years later, the world would sail away with Dolly and Kenny in “Islands in the Stream.” Glenn started his collection of eight tracks in 1957 when he purchased a blue 1950 Buick Roadmaster with an eight-track player installed. Tapes like this were his primary music source until the mid-1980s when he acquired a new cassette tape player.

These beards in our collection warm the face and heart. They may even have you wishing for your own luscious whiskers to keep you toasty this season. There's a reason why one of the most famous beards of all belongs to the guy at the North Pole.

Christmas pin, 1927. SHSND 1975.19.54

Part of museum work is loaning objects to other institutions. The State Museum currently has 22 active loans, most of which are in-state and straightforward. But when an international border and a pandemic are involved, the situation can get a bit more complicated. Here’s what happened when an art gallery in Canada requested a rare artifact for an exhibit a few years back.

Birth: In late 2018, the MacKenzie Art Gallery in Regina, Saskatchewan, requested the loan of a significant piece of our shared history: a buffalo robe painted by Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull painted the robe between 1877 and 1881 while seeking asylum in what is now Saskatchewan. It is the only known buffalo hide painting by Sitting Bull in existence. The robe, which Sitting Bull initially gave to Canadian trader Gus Heddrich, entered the State Historical Society of North Dakota’s collection in 1945 after Heddrich and his wife died.

Buffalo robe painting by Sitting Bull. SHSND 10117

When institutions request loans from the state’s collection, some boring but important paperwork must be completed. Collections staff reviewed the reason for the loan, the MacKenzie Art Gallery’s exhibit plans for the painting, and details about the gallery’s light levels and climate control. The loan request noted: “This artwork could be considered one of the most significant Indigenous paintings completed within Saskatchewan but has never been exhibited in Saskatchewan. It would be of enormous interest to the descendants of Sitting Bull’s people as well as the larger community.” State Historical Society staff agreed—the loan was approved, and its journey began.

Transport: Some not-so-boring paperwork followed. Our registrars (aka paperwork gurus) exchanged over 100 emails with the gallery’s customs broker, U.S. and Canadian customs officials, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel to complete all the forms required to transport the robe safely across the border. Due to the robe’s cultural and historical significance it required a courier, that is, a personal escort on its travels. Perhaps not surprisingly, the cost of international fine art couriers is a bit prohibitive, so State Historical Society staff decided to make the trek with the robe themselves. The robe was carefully packed in a large shipping crate, and in June 2019, two staff members made the six-hour drive from Bismarck to Regina, Canada.

All packed up and on the road.

Exhibit: From June 2019 to April 2020, Sitting Bull’s hide painting featured prominently in The Permanent Collection: Walking with Saskatchewan exhibition. The exhibit explored the diverse ways Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists in the province related to land, and how objects carry histories and stories. You can learn more about the exhibit on the MacKenzie’s website. Staff at the art gallery developed a variety of programming around the buffalo robe, including public talks with First Nations members. Artist and Knowledge Keeper Wayne Goodwill was at the gallery to welcome the robe on behalf of the Lakota people of Saskatchewan. He also shared some of the meanings behind the images on the hide painting in this video.

View of Sitting Bull’s robe in The Permanent Collection: Walking with Saskatchewan exhibit. Photo by Don Hall, courtesy MacKenzie Art Gallery

Opening event with Lakota Knowledge Keeper Wayne Goodwill on June 20, 2019. Photo by Don Hall, courtesy MacKenzie Art Gallery

Extension: The loan’s original end date was set for May 30, 2020. Agency staff had their passports ready, but the universe had other ideas. The U.S.-Canada border was closed to nonessential travel for nineteen months. Between March 2020 and November 2021, the State Historical Society and the MacKenzie signed two loan extensions. This additional time led to unique opportunities, including extra months for visitors to view the robe. During the robe’s extended stay, the gallery’s “Art and Concepts of Game Design for Youth” class used it as inspiration for a video game project that combined Indigenous oral storytelling with interactive design. From December 2020 to April 2021, the robe and the students’ work were showcased in the exhibit Travelling Memory: Sitting Bull’s Robe, The Mackenzie’s Art School, and the Art and Concepts of Game Design for Youth.

The Travelling Memory exhibit highlighted a video game project by eighth-grade students at the MacKenzie Art School. The project gave audience members an interactive way to experience the story of the Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull. Photo by Don Hall, courtesy MacKenzie Art Gallery

Return: Since every North Dakotan and Canadian knows that safe travel in the winter (or even spring) is no guarantee, arrangements to pick up the robe were made for early June 2022. Once again, the registrars emailed and traded paperwork like crazy to ensure a pain-free border crossing.

Reunited, and it feels so good! The robe was patiently waiting for agency staff at the MacKenzie Art Gallery collections storage area.

Sitting Bull’s buffalo hide painting returned to Bismarck on June 4, 2022. Previously, it was exhibited at the ND Heritage Center & State Museum for over thirty years. But continuous display, exposure to light, and repeated handling is stressful on natural materials. So for the foreseeable future it will be resting in storage to help preserve the colored pigment and the condition of the hide.